Who Is Kamala Harris?

[I wrote this in 2018.  Some information is out of date.  But the historical facts remain the same. A pdf version is at the end of this article.  Please respect my copyright and the terms of the permission. I have copies of all cited sources.  These are available on request.]

Who Is Kamala Harris?^[1]

Copyright © registration number TXu002145027 issued April 19, 2019. Permission is granted to quote from this article providing a citation and link are included.

Copyright 2019 Anthony Karl Lima. All rights reserved.

August 12, 2020. Revised December 11, 2021. Minor formatting revisions July 23, 2024.

Well, she’s currently the junior senator from California and candidate for Vice-President of the United States. Before that she was state attorney general. And from 2004 to 2011 she was San Francisco’s D.A. With that background it’s no surprise that she fits right in with California’s progressive agenda. But, really, who is she? What informs her leftist views of U.S. government and the economy? One might think she is a product of her upbringing. That encompasses where she lived and who her parents were. I’ll discuss both those issues in quite a bit of depth. But first let’s debunk one often-heard claim.

Photo 1 Kamala Harris and husband Douglas Emhoff. Click for larger image

Contrary to her official U.S. Senate website^[2] and several articles^[3] she was not raised in Oakland or Berkeley. Between her birth in 1964 and age 22 she lived in the greater Bay Area for seven years. She spent four years in Illinois (where her sister Maya was born) and seven years in Montreal, Canada, graduating from Westmount High School in 1982. She then spent four years at Howard University in Washington, DC. In other words, she had a middle-class upbringing.

Her parents are very important. They met while protesting in Berkeley in the 1960s. Her mother, Shyamala Gopalan, was in the Ph.D. program in nutrition and endocrinology. She graduated at age 25. She went on to have a career as a noted breast cancer researcher. But it’s her father that’s particularly interesting because this is where her life and mine intersect. Her father, Don Harris, was a faculty member in the economics department at Stanford while I was in that department’s Ph.D. program. In fact, he was the impetus for the department to start (and eventually abandon) its field in Alternative Approaches to Economic Analysis. (That name is a euphemism. Prof. Harris describes himself as a Marxist economist.) He got his Stanford job by intimidating the department chair and faculty. Kamala learned her bullying techniques and monumental arrogance from her dad.

Another mystery involves her mother. After her divorce from Don in 1971 she published research under her maiden name, Shyamala Gopalan. But after moving to Montreal in 1976 she began using Gopalan Shyamala. Typically, this is done to try to hide from someone. (Remember, in the 1970s there was no internet so searching for someone usually meant hiring a private investigator.) Moving to Montreal, Canada, a city 2,950 miles from Berkeley is another indication that something was wrong. I leave it to others with more resources than me to investigate this anomaly. I’ll start with a timeline of Kamala’s residences, then discuss her parents.

Where’s Kamala?

Kamala Harris timeline. Click for larger image.

Sen. Harris’s official U.S. Senate website says she grew up in Oakland.[4] A 2016 profile in the New York Times Sunday magazine claims she was raised in Berkeley.[5] Using public records, it’s clear that she lived in Berkeley for seven years between her birth in 1964 and graduating from college in 1986. That’s less than 1/3 of those 22 years. She spent four years (1965-1968) in Illinois while her mother worked at the University of Illinois and Northwestern. (Her dad worked in both those places, too. More on that shortly.) After returning to Berkeley in 1969, her mother got a job at McGill University in Montreal in 1975. The family lived in Montreal for 16 years until 1991. But Kamala left after graduating from Westmount High School in 1982. From there she went to Washington, D.C. to attend Howard University, graduating in 1986. She returned the greater Berkeley area to attend Hastings College of Law that year. (The Hastings campus is in San Francisco despite its affiliation with the University of California, Berkeley. She earned her JD in 1990.)

She was raised mainly in academic settings during a period of campus unrest and protest. Her parents both had good jobs. Her mother’s obituary summarized her life as “A world-renowned scientist, a mentor, an activist, a mother.”^[6] In short, she had a comfortable, middle-class upbringing. But her parents are another story entirely. They gave her a sense of entitlement and feelings of grievance. They also trained her in Saul Alinsky’s tactics. Even today she uses them regularly. The most recent example is her behavior at the Senate Judiciary Committee hearings for Justice Kavanaugh: rudely interrupting the chair, not allowing Justice Kavanaugh to respond to questions, and her support for the ludicrous claims of the women who made unverified allegations about his behavior in high school and college.

Early Life and Parents

Shyamala Gopalan and Donald J. Harris met when they were in Ph.D. programs at the University of California, Berkeley in the mid-1960s. She was in nutrition and endocrinology while he was in economics. They met while protesting for civil rights. They married in 1963. Their first daughter, Kamala, was born a year later.

Photo 3 Shyamala G. Harris and Don Harris

For those who have forgotten history, the 1960s were a turbulent time on U.S. college campuses. Nowhere were the protests more fervent than at Berkeley. Civil rights was the first and most significant cause. In 1964, led by Mario Savio, the Free Speech Movement was born. A few years later the protesters added opposition to the Vietnam war. Even though Kamala only lived in Berkeley for a year, she spent most of her first 18 years on seething college campuses. That experience was enhanced by her father’s chosen field of specialization: Marxist economics. It’s worth mentioning that Kamala lived in Montreal for 7 years, only leaving when she graduated from high school in 1984. Canadians, by and large, believe government is good.

Shyamala continued her research at Berkeley. Don finished his Ph.D. in 1966, two years after his wife earned hers at the remarkable age of 25. He took a job in the economics departments at the University of Illinois, Northwestern, and the University of Wisconsin. As far as I can tell, Shyamala had a research appointment at Illinois and Northwestern while Don was employed on those two campuses. But when he took a job at Wisconsin, that proved a bridge too far. She returned to Illinois for a year. The couple divorced in 1969 when Shyamala returned to Berkeley.

Shyamala Gopalan

Shyamala Gopalan was born in south India in 1939. According to several sources, her “childhood was rich with music, culture, art and travel. As a young girl, she won a national gold medal for singing classical Indian music.”^[7] She was an academic prodigy, earning her bachelor’s degree from Delhi University in 1958 when she was 19. She went on to earn a Ph.D. in nutrition and endocrinology in 1964. And she was professionally very successful, becoming a prominent breast cancer specialist. (The National Institute of Health PubMed database credits her with 99 research articles.^[8]) She spent 16 years at the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research at the Jewish General Hospital and Department of Medicine at McGill University in Montreal. Kamala and her younger sister Maya lived there until they graduated from Westmount High School.

One curious fact about Shyamala Gopalan is that she changed her name after a few years of publishing research. The change coincided with her move to Canada. In most of her articles published after relocating, she is listed as “G. Shyamala.” While I don’t know the reason for this, I can say that this change added several days to my research about the family. (For those unfamiliar with academic publishing, each author’s affiliation is included in every article. That’s helpful when trying to track someone’s movements.)

‘Wanda Kagan, now a coordinator at the Jewish General Hospital’s internal medicine department, fondly remembers Harris, who she said was her best friend and with whom she founded a troupe of six dancers called “Midnight Magic.” The future politician wrote in the 1981 Westmount yearbook that dancing with the troupe was her favourite pastime.

“We used to play at community centres for seniors, or we danced at fundraisers. Outside school, dance took up a lot of her time,” Kagan said in an interview.’^[9]

But Sen. Harris’s career as a protester began early. When she was 13, she organized a protest in front of the building where the family lived.

“Furious that the building owner had forbidden children to play on the lawn, the teenager convinced other youth to demonstrate with her. She and her friends changed the owner’s mind.”

That anecdote doesn’t surprise Montrealer Trevor Williams, who knew both sisters well. He was Maya’s boyfriend for two years when they were teens. He describes the Harris sisters as studious and popular.’^[10]

In an interesting footnote to history, a 2016 profile of her younger sister Maya Harris in the New Yorker describes a similar incident: “When Harris was eight and Kamala ten [1974], they launched a successful campaign to turn an unused courtyard in their Bay Area apartment building into a playground.”^[11] While it appears the family did, in fact, live in the Bay Area that year, the details of the two stories are disturbingly similar.

Don Harris

The intersection with my life is through her father, Donald J. Harris. Prof. Harris is a Stanford economist (now emeritus). He is also a Marxist economist. My life and his are intertwined in an unusual way.

In September 1973 I started taking classes in the Ph.D. program in economics at Stanford. (I earned that degree in 1980.) At the time, the economics department was experimenting with a field that was variously called radical economics, Marxist economics, and, euphemistically, Alternative Approaches to Economic Analysis. The department’s lone faculty member in this field was former monetary economist John Gurley. (Those who are curious can search on Gurley-Shaw for more information. It’s an entertaining footnote that Prof. Gurley was a very good and avid tennis player.) As is always the case, the new field needed more than one faculty member. After a no doubt exhaustive search, the faculty found a newly tenured economist at the prestigious University of Wisconsin. They invited Don Harris to spend a year on campus as a visiting professor starting in 1973.

Don has an interesting history. He was born in Jamaica in 1938. When he was 22, he earned his bachelor’s degree from London University. He was accepted into the Ph.D. program in economics at the University of California, Berkeley. While protesting for civil rights, he met Shyamala. At the time, the tradition in India was arranged marriages. Shyamala had already rebelled by moving to the U.S. What’s one more act of defiance? She and Don were married in 1963. Kamala was born a year later.

Shyamala finished her Ph.D. in 1964. Don took two years longer, finishing in 1966. Like many academics he worked in a few different places before settling down. He spent two academic years (1965 to 1967) as assistant professor at the University of Illinois. The following year he moved north 149 miles to Northwestern. But then Wisconsin offered him a tenured position. He accepted, no doubt with alacrity. The Harris family moved to the University of Illinois for two years, then spent a year at Northwestern. But Wisconsin proved a bridge too far. Don’s first year was 1968. It appears that Shyamala spent that year back at U. of Illinois. When it became clear that Don was committed to Wisconsin, she and her daughters moved back to Berkeley. The couple divorced in 1969. Curiously, that was the year I got my B.S.

But Don’s job at Stanford meant the girls could visit him. They often spent weekends in Palo Alto. In a 2015 article in the Los Angeles Times, Sen. Harris recalled,

“The neighbors’ kids were not allowed to play with us because we were black,” Harris said. “We’d say, ‘Why can’t we play together?’ ‘My parents — we can’t play with you.’ In Palo Alto. The home of Google.”^[12]

Nice story, but there are several problems. Don’s first year at Stanford was 1973-1974. He decamped to the University of the West Indies in Kingston, Jamaica the following year, returning to Stanford in 1975. In 1976 Shyamala and her daughters moved to Montreal. In other words, there were exactly two academic years when the girls could have visited him at Stanford. And Google wasn’t founded until 1998.^[13] In fact, Larry Page and Sergey Brin did not even arrive on the Stanford campus until 20 years after the Harris girls spent those weekends in Palo Alto.

The 1974 Palo Alto telephone directory has two listings for Donald Harris. Both addresses are in East Palo Alto, on the east side of U.S. 101 from Palo Alto. In the 1970s East Palo Alto was dangerous. The Los Angeles Times reported that in 1993 East Palo Alto had the highest murder rate in the country.^[14] The real reason the girls were not allowed outdoors was that it was not safe.

Photo 4 Page from 1974 Telephone Directory. Click for larger image.

Finally, no one who was around the Stanford campus and Palo Alto in the 1970s can possibly believe that the kids were not allowed to play with the neighbors’ children regardless of color. Stanford is about as liberal as any other college campus. And Palo Alto was and remains closely attached to Stanford. After the civil rights movement, no self-respecting member of the Stanford community would have done anything that outrageous. And Palo Alto was only slightly less liberal than Berkeley. That statement is fishy, at best.

Stanford Facts

One important fact in this case is the Stanford academic calendar. Even today the school operates on the quarter system. Each quarter is ten weeks of classes, followed by a final exam week. At the end of fall quarter 1973, Prof. Harris started complaining about Stanford. Here’s what the Stanford Daily student newspaper said in a January 25, 1974, article.

‘”I have no great anxiety or desire to remain here,” he confessed, adding he hasn’t “been terribly excited at Stanford.” He explained he “would like to see serious intellectual or scholarly interest here [at Stanford] consistent with my own interests,” although adding “the possibility doesn’t exist here at the moment.” Harris, a black, further explained he desired “to link up with serious research” of black scholars applying system analysis to problems of blacks throughout the world, but “the University is not prepared to develop that.” He has not been approached about remaining here, he concluded.’^[15]

This threw the graduate students into a tizzy. The Union for Radical Political Economics circulated a petition that drew the signatures of 208 undergraduates and “over 50” graduate students, albeit from several academic departments. (Aside: economists have never been very good at acronyms. URPE? Really?)

Those numbers are not as impressive as they sound. In 1973 there were 6,437 undergraduates and 4,823 graduate students.^[16] The petition signers represented 3% and 1% of the respective student bodies.

The department chair at the time was the highly respected economic historian Moses Abramovitz. Again, as quoted in the Stanford Daily article, he was truly distressed by this decision.

‘”I’ve had several talks with him [Harris], and I believe that we are in agreement on the general conditions under which he would like to be considered,” explained Abramovitz. He further noted the conditions deal with “a positive faculty commitment in Marxian economics,” and agreed under such conditions Harris “might emerge as a leading candidate for appointment.” He added, however, “these conditions don’t yet exist. They’re exactly the issues that are now before the faculty.”

Abramovitz pointed out “a certain tentative air” always surrounds new fields. He explained the department had emphasized the trial nature of the field, because it had been established after student requests, and the department hadn’t wanted the students to feel there was “an unalterable commitment” to it. But although he admitted “student interest” and its “importance” as “part of a liberal education justify at least some additional offerings,” Abramovitz maintained the department needed more experience before it could consider hiring additional faculty.’^[17]

I did not sign the petition supporting Prof. Harris. During my first year I was focused on survival. But I was quite aware of URPE. Several of the founding members were in my graduate class. One, who will remain anonymous, never finished his degree, instead choosing to fully participate in the market economy. His net worth today is well into the millions. So much for Marxism.

Don Harris and the Stanford Faculty

The Stanford economics faculty was not accustomed to untenured faculty going public in the manner of Prof. Harris. It takes a lot of gall to challenge an entire department after you’ve been at the university for, perhaps, 13 weeks. But these tactics are straight out of Saul Alinsky’s playbook.

“The job of the organizer is to maneuver and bait the establishment so that it will publicly attack him as a ‘dangerous enemy.’ [According to Alinsky], the hysterical instant reaction of the establishment [will] not only validate [the organizer’s] credentials of competency but also ensure automatic popular invitation.”^[18]

By launching an attack on the economics department and enlisting the support of students, he truly “bait[ed] the establishment.” And the establishment, bewildered, gave in to him.

In fact, Prof. Harris did not teach at Stanford in 1974-1975. He spent that academic year at the University of the West Indies in Kingston, Jamaica.^[19] However, the Stanford economics department launched a new field that year: Alternative Approaches to Economic Analysis. They then proceeded to offer him a tenured full professorship.

This is nothing short of astonishing. The standard at most universities is to be offered a job as an assistant professor, then spend the next six years frantically trying to teach, publish, and serve on faculty committees. In your seventh year a committee in your department will compile records of your scholarship, teaching, and other factors. Rather than generalize across all universities, I’ll describe the procedure Stanford uses. The procedure is described in the Faculty Handbook.^[20] That chapter, converted to a pdf file, is eight full pages of very small type.

Getting Tenure at Stanford

The committee issues a report to the department faculty. Tenured associate and full professors in the department then convene a meeting to discuss the candidate (hopefully after reviewing the materials gathered by the committee). Students are explicitly excluded from both the discussion and the voting, although letters from students regarding the candidate’s teaching can be part of the tenure file. After a (sometimes heated) discussion, the faculty vote on the candidate. Each department establishes its own policy about whether voting will be secret or open. But they have to apply that policy consistently. “The specific number of yeas, nays, abstentions, and non-votes must be recorded and reported for all votes on faculty appointments and promotions. Every faculty member who votes on a case is entitled to provide a written explanation of his or her vote in the papers submitted by the department.”^[21]

The department chair summarizes the results of the vote and forwards this document to the Dean of the School. Interestingly the handbook does not discuss unanimous votes except for this statement: “The practice of conducting a straw vote which, if positive, is followed by a final ‘unanimous vote’ is prohibited.” If the vote is split the department chair decides whether or not to forward the candidate’s file to the Dean’s office. Not forwarding the file is tantamount to denying tenure. Presumably if the vote was unanimous or nearly so, a wise chair would forward the file. In fact, later in the tenure document there is an indication that a majority voting in favor of the candidate is all that is necessary to trigger the next step in the process.

The Dean then assembles review committees, evaluates the candidate and may give a thumbs up or down. A positive outcome causes the file to be forwarded to the Provost’s office. That entity goes through much the same process, also giving a thumbs up or down. The Provost forwards the file to an Advisory Board. You can guess what they do. If their finding is positive, they forward the file to the University President who – yet again – evaluates the candidate and gives a thumbs up or down.

Are you exhausted? I’ve served on a number of promotion and tenure committees at the department, school, and university level. They are a lot of work. But they are also very important since the decision is basically adopting a new member of the department for as long as the newly tenured faculty member wishes to remain at the university. (Reminder: I’ve also been through the process as a candidate.)

The procedure at Stanford involves review at four levels. A candidate can be denied tenure at any of the four levels. The process is complicated, time-consuming, and stressful. But you must understand the policies and procedures to see how extraordinary Don Harris’s treatment was.

Before we see how well Prof. Harris meets those criteria, let’s consider some Stanford economists who were awarded tenure early. Michael Spence and Joe Stiglitz were in the economics department while I was taking courses and seminars. Ken Arrow returned in 1979, a few years after I had stopped visiting the campus regularly. All three have Nobel prizes in economics. And all three got tenure at Stanford early. Here’s a summary of their careers.

Stanford Economics Nobel Prize Winners

Michael Spence shared the 2001 prize with George Akerlof and Joe Stiglitz for their contributions to the field of asymmetric information. Prof. Spence got his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1972. His dissertation essentially invented the field of market signaling. Stanford hired him in 1973 with the rank of associate professor. I have been unable to find out whether he also got tenure.^[22]

Joe Stiglitz also was at Stanford 1974-1976 and 1988-2001. He was an assistant professor at MIT until he finished his Ph.D. in 1967. He then spent three months at University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, followed by concurrent stints from 1966-1970 as a Tapp Research Fellow, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, UK and an appointment at the Cowles Foundation, Yale University. It looks like was awarded tenure starting in 1968 and was promoted to full professor in 1970. By the time he got to Stanford in 1974 he was already famous among economists. When he received his Ph.D. in 1967 he had already published three articles in prestigious journals including Econometrica. Two more articles in 1968 brought his total to five. But in 1969 he published eleven articles, an astounding achievement. Of those, two were in the American Economic Review and two more were in Econometrica. Yet he still waited one year for tenure and two more for promotion to full professor.^[23]

Finally, there is the late Kenneth Arrow. Born in New York City in 1921, his family lost everything in the Great Depression. “[We] were very poor for about ten years,” he recalls. Luckily for all of us City College of New York offered free tuition. Arrow graduated in 1940 with a double major in mathematics and a B.S. in Social Science. He went on to Columbia where he got an M.A. in mathematics in 1941. But the important event was Harold Hotelling’s course in mathematical economics. “When I took [Hotelling’s] course in mathematical economics, I realized I had found my niche,” he said. He transferred to the economics department. But a little event intervened: World War II. “During the war Arrow was a weather officer in the U.S. Army Air Corps achieving the rank of Captain, working in the Long Range Forecasting Group. Arrow’s first published paper comes from that period, ‘On the optimal use of winds for flight planning’ (1949a).”^[24] The following anecdote is instructive.

“The group’s principal task was to forecast the number of rainy days in air combat areas – a month in advance. The young statisticians in the Weather Division subjected the prediction techniques in use to statistical test against a simple null hypothesis based on historical data. Finding that prevailing techniques were not significantly more reliable than the null, the junior officers sent a memo to the General of the Air Corps suggesting that the group be disbanded. Six months later, the General’s secretary replied on his behalf: ‘The general is well aware that your forecasts are no good. However, they are required for planning purposes.’ The group remained intact.”^[25]

While pursuing his Ph.D. Arrow spent time at the Cowles Foundation (University of Chicago), RAND, and Stanford. Luckily for the field of economics, he rejected two dissertation topics. He finally settled on “Social Choice and Individual Values” and, in the process, revolutionized the field. His dissertation is known throughout economics as the Arrow Impossibility Theorem. But his dissertation committee was unable to understand what he had done. Ted Anderson from the Columbia statistics department was called in to consult. He pronounced the thesis sound. Arrow became Dr. Arrow in 1951. In another historical footnote, Anderson followed Arrow to Stanford a few years later and was still teaching statistics while I was in graduate school. As is fairly common, Arrow took a job while finishing his dissertation. He accepted a joint appointment as acting assistant professor of economics and statistics at Stanford in 1949. The following year Stanford gave him tenure. In 1972, at the age of 51, he shared the Nobel prize with Sir John Hicks. Through 2017, Arrow remains the youngest winner of the economics Nobel prize. Paul Samuelson and Paul Krugman were awarded their prizes when they were 55.

So you have to be pretty good to get early tenure at Stanford. Let’s see how Don Harris stacks up against these three.

Prof. Harris’s Tenure File

By my count as of 1974 Prof. Harris had published 15 papers in professional journals.^[26] There were four in highly respected journals: the American Economic Review, the Journal of Political Economy, Economic Inquiry, and the Economic Journal. It seems to me, however, that the three articles in the Review of Black Political Economy and the lone entry in the Illinois Business Review should be discounted heavily. In short, it may have been appropriate to offer him tenure as an associate professor. That was his rank at Wisconsin. But full professor? An offer like that usually requires the recipient be at least within shouting range of a Nobel prize.

Putting this another way, here’s what Stanford says about an assistant professor getting reviewed for tenure one year early:

“Since the University is being asked to make the tenure commitment to a person who may have a shorter track record in scholarship and teaching, the record must present unequivocal evidence that the candidate has achieved true distinction in scholarship and meets the standard for teaching.”^[27]

Mind you, the candidate will already have spent five years teaching and doing research.

Prof. Harris was treated as favorably as anyone I’ve ever seen.

Alternative Approaches to Economic Analysis

Interestingly, the Alternative Approaches field persisted until 1997. It was removed as a field starting with the 1998-99 academic year. Probably not coincidentally, Prof. Harris retired after the 1997-98 academic year.

In personal terms, my ambition was to stay in the Bay Area and work at a college that emphasized teaching. After weighing several offers, I chose California State University, Hayward (now CSU, East Bay). It took me ten years to reach full professor. And, yes, I published several papers, including one in the aforementioned American Economic Review.

The CSUEB economics department rejected “alternative approaches” starting in the mid-1980s. It’s rare for me to claim that our department was ahead of Stanford’s in any way. But I’m pretty sure we got this one right ten years before they did.

Senator Harris’s Belief System

A Marxist economist for a dad and a mom doing medical research create a household ripe for radicalization. At Howard University she majored in political science and economics, earning her BA in 1986. But she learned the tactics of bullying, protesting, and intimidation early in her life from her parents and her academic surroundings. It’s utter nonsense for her to make any pretext of having a difficult upbringing. She was upper middle class and lived a childhood of relative ease and prosperity.

1. Material is drawn from a variety of sources. The best place to start is the Excel workbook
   “Harris number crunching.xlsx.” ↑
2. “Kamala D. Harris, U.S. Senator for California.” https://www.harris.senate.gov/about. Accessed April 5, 2018. ↑
3. Bazelon, Emily, “Kamala Harris, a ‘Top Cop’ in the Era of Black Lives Matter.” New York Times Magazine, May 25, 2016. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/29/magazine/kamala-harris-a-top-cop-in-the-era-of-black-lives-matter.html. Accessed April 5, 2018. ↑
4. “Kamala D. Harris, U.S. Senator for California,” op.cit. ↑
5. Bazelon, Emily, “Kamala Harris, a ‘Top Cop’ in the Era of Black Lives Matter,” op.cit. ↑
6. Dr. Shyamala G. Harris obituary, San Francisco Chronicle, March 22, 2009. Available at http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/sfgate/obituary.aspx?pid=125330757. Accessed March 26, 2018. ↑
7. Dr. Shyamala G. Harris obituary, op.cit. ↑
8. National Institute of Health PubMed database. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Shyamala+G[author]&cmd=detailssearch. Accessed April 5, 2018. ↑
9. Blais, Stéphanie, “Will ex-Montrealer Kamala Harris be the one to unseat Donald Trump?” Montreal Gazette, October 9, 2017. Available at http://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/will-ex-montrealer-kamala-harris-be-the-one-to-unseat-donald-trump. Accessed March 27, 2018. ↑
10. Blais, Stéphanie, October 9, 2017, op.cit. ↑
11. Greenhouse, Emily, “Meet Maya Harris, Hillary Clinton’s Progressive Link.” The New Yorker, November 5, 2016. Available at https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/meet-maya-harris-hillary-clintons-progressive-link. Accessed March 30, 2018. ↑
12. Finnegan, Michael, “How race helped shape the politics of Senate candidate Kamala Harris.” Los Angeles Times, September 20, 2015. Available at http://www.latimes.com/local/politics/la-me-pol-ca-harris-senate-20150930-story.html. Accessed April 8, 2018. ↑
13. Google company history. https://www.google.com/intl/en/about/our-story/. Accessed April 5, 2018. ↑
14. Warren, Jennifer (1993). “E. Palo Alto Murder Rate Worst in U.S.; Drug Wars Blamed.“ Los Angeles Times January 5, 1993. Available at http://articles.latimes.com/1993-01-05/local/me-833_1_east-palo-alto. Accessed January 23, 2019. ↑
15. Carter, Stephen, “Harris Departure Stirs Turmoil Econ Dept. Loses Radical Prof.” Stanford Daily, January 25, 1974. Available at https://stanforddailyarchive.com/cgi-bin/stanford?a=d&d=stanford19740125-01.2.2&dliv=none&st=1&e=——-en-20–1–txt-txIN——- . Accessed March 26, 2017. ↑
16. Stanford University Facts. Available at https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:xh107dn5690/StanfordFacts_1974.pdf . Accessed April 3, 2018. ↑
17. Ibid. ↑
18. Wikipedia, “Saul Alinsky.” Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Alinsky. Accessed March 28, 2018. ↑
19. McLaughlin, Ken, “Marxist Offered Economics Post.” Stanford Daily, May 13, 1975. Available at https://stanforddailyarchive.com/cgi-bin/stanford?a=d&d=stanford19750513-01.2.6&srpos=8&e=01-09-1970-01-09-1980–en-20–1–txt-txIN-%22Don+Harris%22——. Accessed March 26, 2018. ↑
20. “Chapter 3: Promotion to Tenure (Tenure Line).” Faculty Handbook Stanford University. Available at https://facultyaffairs-humsci.stanford.edu/chapter-3-promotion-tenure-tenure-line. Accessed April 3, 2018. ↑
21. Ibid. ↑
22. Prof. Spence is retired and living with his family in Italy. My source for this paragraph is from the Stanford University website at https://news.stanford.edu/news/2001/october10/stiglitz-1010.html. Accessed April 3, 2018. I have to add that attaining the rank of associate professor without also getting tenure is very unusual. ↑
23. Information about Prof. Stiglitz is drawn from two sources. His curriculum vita is on the Columbia University website at https://www8.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/jstiglitz/sites/jstiglitz/files/stiglitz_cv%203.26.18.pdf. Additional biographical material is from the Stanford University website at https://news.stanford.edu/news/2001/october10/stiglitz-1010.html. Both were accessed April 4, 2018. ↑
24. Arrow, K.J., “On the use of winds in flight planning.” Journal of Meteorology 6, 150–59. Quotation is from a biography on the U.C. San Diego website at http://econweb.ucsd.edu/~rstarr/ARTICLEwnotes.pdf. Accessed April 4, 2018. ↑
25. U.C. San Diego, op.cit., p. 2. ↑
26. Stanford University, Donald J. Harris publications. Available at http://web.stanford.edu/~dharris/papers.htm. Accessed March 30, 2018. ↑
27. “Chapter 3: Promotion to Tenure (Tenure Line).” Faculty Handbook Stanford University. Op.cit. ↑